Capítulo 2: Pediatría

1 NICE. Feverish illness in children: assessment and initial management in children younger than 5 years of age (Clinical Guideline 47). NICE, 2007. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG47

2 Harndon A. Critique of NICE traffic-light system: not evidence based; too much emphasis on vital signs (which vary greatly). it may be better to look at alertness, activity, colour and respiratory effort. BMJ 2007. http://www.bmj.com/

3 Hewson PH et al. A simple hospital triaging system for infants with acute illness. J Paediatr Child Health 1995; 31(1):29–32. PubMed ID: 7748685. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=7748685&from=cqsr

4 Morley CJ et al. Symptoms and signs in infants younger than 6 months of age correlated with the severity of their illness. Pediatrics 1991; 88(6):1119–24. PubMed ID: 1956728. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=1956728&from=cqsr

5 Godbole P et al. Bilious vomiting in the newborn: How often is it pathologic? J Pediatr Surg 2002; 37(6):909–11. PubMed ID: 12037761. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=12037761&from=cqsr

6 Sadow KB et al. Bilious emesis in the pediatric emergency department: etiology and outcome. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2002; 41(7):475–9. PubMed ID: 12365309. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=12365309&from=cqsr

7 Millar AJ et al. Malrotation and volvulus in infancy and childhood. Semin Pediatr Surg 2003; 12(4):229–36. PubMed ID: 14655161. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=14655161&from=cqsr

8 Hiscock H. The crying baby. Aust Fam Physician 2006; 35(9):680–4. PubMed ID: 16969435. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=16969435&from=cqsr

9 Hiscock H et al. Problem crying in infancy. Med J Aust 2004; 181(9):507–12. PubMed ID: 15516199. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=15516199&from=cqsr

10 Miller-Loncar C. Infant colic and feeding difficulties. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:908–12. http://adc.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/89/10/908

11 Michelle M. A systematic review of treatments for infant colic. Pediatrics 2000; 106(Suppl 1):184–90. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/106/1/S1/184

12 Infant colic. BMJ 1998 Responses to a BMJ paper. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/eletters/316/7144/1563

13 Keefe MR et al. Reducing parenting stress in families with irritable infants. Nurs Res 2006; 55(3):198–205. PubMed ID: 16708044. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=16708044&from=cqsr

14 Langøen A et al. [Diaper dermatitis. Classification, occurrence, causes, prevention and treatment.] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen1993; 113(14):1712–5. PubMed ID: 8322298. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=8322298&from=cqsr

15 Weston WL et al. Diaper dermatitis: current concepts. Pediatrics 1980; 66(4):532–6. PubMed ID: 7432838. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=7432838&from=cqsr

16 Thomsen K. Seborrhoeic dermatitis and napkin dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1981; 95:40–2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6211885

17 MA CT et al. Associations between housing instability and food insecurity with health care access in low-income children. Ambul Pediatr 2008; 8(1):50–7. PubMed ID: 18191782. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=18191782&from=cqsr

18 Kapoor SH et al. Neonatal resuscitation. IJCCM 2007; 11(2):81–9. http://www.ijccm.org/article.asp?issn=0972-5229;year=2007;volume=11;issue=2;spage=81;epage=89;aulast=Kapoor

19 Simmonds A et al. Addressing the ‘New’ NEC: Part I: rediscovering the basics. Indian J Pediatr 2006; 73(11):1011–18. PubMed ID: 17127784. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=17127784&from=cqsr

20 Whitelaw A. Core concepts: intraventricular hemorrhage. NeoReviews 2011; 12;e94–e101 http://neoreviews.aappublications.org/content/12/2/e94.full

21 Mercer JS et al. Delayed cord clamping in very preterm infants reduces the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage and late-onset sepsis: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2006; 117(4):1235–42. PubMed ID: 16585320. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=16585320&from=cqsr

22 Gupta SN et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in term newborns: management and outcomes. Pediatr Neurol 2009 (40(1):1–12 PubMEd ID: 19068247 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19068247

23 Knight DB et al. Neonatal shaken baby syndrome – lessons to be learned/Author’s reply. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88(2)F161–162. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=20&did=000000304712981&SrchMode=3&sid=1&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1098077205&clientId=64216

24 Callaghan LA et al. Infant to staff ratios and risk of mortality in very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88(2):F94–7. http://fn.bmj.com/content/88/2/F94.full

25 Fleck BW. Therapy for retinopathy of prematurity. Lancet 1999; 353(9148):166–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9923868

26 UK Retinopathy of Prematurity Guideline. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Royal College of Ophthalmologists, British Association of Perinatal Medicine& BLISS; May 2008. https://www.rcophth.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/2008-SCI-021-Guidelines-Retinopathy-of-Prematurity.pdf

27 Roberts TE. Economic evaluation and randomised controlled trial of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: UK collaborative trial. The Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Economics Working Group. BMJ 1998; 317(7163):911–15; discussion 915–16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9756807

28 Kossel H. Do we need new indications for ECMO in neonates pretreated with high-frequency ventilation and/or inhaled nitric oxide? Intensive Care Med 2000; 26(10):1489–95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11126261

29 Mahmoud, RA et al. Current methods of non-invasive ventilatory support for neonates. Paediatr Resp Rev 12(3):196–205 PubMed ID:21722849 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722849

30 Spence K. Nasal versus oral intubation for mechanical ventilation of newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2:CD000948. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796391

31 Greenough A. Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; 1:CD000456. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11279692

32 Soll R. Patient-triggered ventilation of the newborn. Lancet 2000; 356(9224):90–1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10963241

33 Greenough A et al. Synchronized mechanical ventilation for respiratory support in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 1:CD000456 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18253979

34 Tyson J. Intensive care for extreme prematurity--moving beyond gestational age. NEJM 2008; 358:1672. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa073059

35 Shahid SK. Efficacy and safety of cefepime in late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in infants: a pilot randomized and controlled study. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2008; 102(1):63–71. PubMed ID: 18186979. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=18186979&from=cqsr

36 Spence K et al. Nasal versus oral intubation for mechanical ventilation of newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev1999; 2:CD000948. http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000948.html

37 Kolatat T et al. Airway complications in neonates who received mechanical ventilation. J Med Assoc Thai 2002; 85 Suppl 2:S455–62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12403220

38 Caraballo R et al. Pyridoxine dependence: the importance of the clinical diagnosis and early treatment. Rev Neurol 2004; 38(1):49–52. PubMed ID: 14730491. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=14730491&from=cqsr

39 University of California San Francisco. Intensive care nursery house staff manual. UCSF, http://www.ucsfhealth.org/childrens/health_professionals/manuals/48_Seizures.pdf

40 Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Circulatory Support. Department of neonatal medicine protocol book. http://www.cs.nsw.gov.au/rpa/neonatal/html/newprot/circ_support.htm

41 Craig JV et al. Infrared ear thermometry compared with rectal thermometry in children: a systematic review. Lancet 2002; 360(9333):603–9. PubMed ID: 12241932. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=12241932&from=cqsr

42 Wiswell TE. Advances in the treatment of the meconium aspiration syndrome. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2001; 90(436):28–30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11332953

43 Kezirian EJ. Cost and cost-effectiveness of universal screening for hearing loss in newborns. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2001; 124(4):359–67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283492

44 Mizrah EM. Neonatal seizures and neonatal epileptic syndromes. Neurol Clin 2001; 19(2):427–63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11358751

45 Fischer D et al. [Sudden death of twins: botulism because of contamination by pap vegetables] Klin Padiatr 2004; 216(1):31–5. PubMed ID: 14747969. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=14747969&from=cqsr

46 Verrijn Stuart AA et al. Shake hands: diagnosing a floppy infant--myotonic dystrophy and the congenital subtype: a difficult perinatal diagnosis. J Perinat Med 2000; 28(6):497–501. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=11155437&from=cqsr

47 NICE. Neonatal jaundice: Recognition and treatment of neonatal jaundice (Clinical Guideline 98). NICE; 2010. http://www.nice.org.uk/cg98

48 Bertini G. Prevention of bilirubin encephalopathy. Biol Neonate 2001;79(3–4):219–23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11275655

49 Harris MC. Developmental follow-up of breastfed term and near-term infants with marked hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics2001; 107(5):1075–80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11331689

50 Lucas GN. Neonatal jaundice due to ABO incompatibility in Sri Lankan. Indian J Pediatr 1996; 63(3):381–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10830015

51 Badens C. [Glucose-6–phosphate dehydrogenase et neonatal jaundice] Presse Med 2001; 30(11):524–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11317924

52 Wolf MJ. Extreme hyperbilirubinaemia in Zimbabwean neonates: neurodevelopmental outcome at 4 months. Eur J Pediatr1997; 156(10):803–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9365074

53 Hansen TW. Acute management of extreme neonatal jaundice – the potential benefits of intensified phototherapy and interruption of enterohepatic bilirubin circulation. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86(8):843–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9307164

54 Tan KL. Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85(3):277–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8695979

55 Hanko E. Spectrum of outcome in infants with extreme neonatal jaundice. Acta Paediatr 2001; 90(7):782–5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11519982

56 Mari G. Noninvasive diagnosis by Doppler ultrasonography of fetal anemia due to maternal red-cell alloimmunization. Collaborative Group for Doppler Assessment of the Blood Velocity in Anemic Fetuses. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(1):9–14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10620643

57 Hayde M. Rhesus isoimmunization: increased hemolysis during early infancy. Pediatr Res 1997; 41(5):716–21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9128296

58 Chilcott J et al. The economics of routine antenatal anti-D prophylaxis for pregnant women who are rhesus negative. BJOG2004; 111(9):903–7. PubMed ID: 15327602. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=15327602&from=cqsr

59 Greenough A. Rhesus disease: postnatal management and outcome. Eur J Pediatr 1999; 158(9):689–93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10485296

60 Haverkamp F. Good prognosis for psychomotor development in survivors with nonimmune hydrops fetalis. BJOG 2000; 107(2):282–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688515

61 De Halleux V et al. Decreasing oxygen saturation in very early preterm newborn infants after transfusion. Arch Dis Child2003; 88: F163. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1721506/

62 Ainsworth SB. Pumactant and poractant alfa for treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates born at 25–29 weeks’ gestation: a randomised trial. Lancet 2000; 355(9213):1387–92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10791521

63 Henderson-Smart DJ. Elective high frequency oscillatory ventilation versus conventional ventilation for acute pulmonary dysfunction in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; 2:CD000104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10796129

64 Moriette G. High-frequency oscillatory ventilation in the management of respiratory distress syndrome. Biol Neonate 2000; 77 Suppl 1:14–16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10828581

65 Howlett A et al. Inositol for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 4:CD000366. PubMed ID: 14583919. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=14583919&from=cqsr

66 A few parents want heroic interventions irrespective of the chance of success. If this is not in the baby’s best interests you may need to apply to the Courts to settle the issue. See Royal College of Paediatricsand Child Health. Witholding or withdrawing life sustaining treatment in children: a framework for practice, 2nd ed. 2004. http://www.gmc-uk.org/Witholding.pdf_40818793.pdf

67 Woolley H. Imparting the diagnosis of life threatening illness in children. BMJ 1989; 298(6688):1623–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2503155

68 NHS breaches right to respect for private life and moral integrity – European Court of Human rights. Jusge Pellonpsaa; reported in The Times, March 11, 2004, p. 39. http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/2004/102.html

69 Eichenwald E et al. Management and outcomes of very low birthweight. NEJM 2008; 358:1700–11. http://www.nejm.org/

70 Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and surfactant. Biol Neonate 2001; 80 Suppl 1:7–13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11359038

71 Welty SE. Rationale for antioxidant therapy in premature infants to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Nutr Rev 2001; 59(1 Pt 1):10–17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11281247

72 Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and surfactant. Biol Neonate 2001; 80 Suppl 1:7–13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11359038

73 Rutkowska M. [Changes in the clinical picture of bronchopulmonary dysplasia] Med Wieku Rozwoj 2000; 4(2 Suppl 3):43–57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11328969

74 Gnanaratnem J. Neonatal acute respiratory failure. Curr Opin Pediatr 2000; 12(3):227–32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10836158

75 Winn HN. Neonatal pulmonary hypoplasia and perinatal mortality in patients with midtrimester rupture of amniotic membranes – a critical analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182(6):1638–44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/queryd.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&d

76 Morag I et al. Excessive weight gain as a possible predictor of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Isr Med Assoc J 2007; 9(1):24–7. PubMed ID: 17274351. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=17274351&from=cqsr

77 Bin-Nun A et al. Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates. J Pediatr 2005; 147(2):192–6. PubMed ID: 16126048. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=16126048&from=cqsr

78 Scheifele DW. Comparison of two antibiotic regimens for neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987; 20(3):421–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3680079

79 Ververidis M. The clinical significance of thrombocytopenia in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36(5):799–803. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11329593

80 Farnoff AA. Meconium aspiration: historical aspects. J Perinatol 2008; 28 Suppl 3:S3–7. PubMed ID:19057607. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19057607

81 Yeh TF. Core concepts: meconium aspiration syndrome: pathogenesis and current management. NeoReviews 2010; 11; e503–e512. http://neoreviews.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/neoreviews;11/9/e503

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84 von Kries R et al. Oral mixed micellar vitamin K for prevention of late vitamin K deficiency bleeding. Arch Dis Child 2003; 88: F109–12. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=21&did=000000304712681&SrchMode=3&sid=1&Fmt=7&retrieveGroup=0&VType=PQD&VInst=PROD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1098077343&clientId=64216

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94 Anbu AT et al. Fluoxetine withdrawal syndrome in the newborn. Indian Pediatr 2006; 43(1):66–9. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=16465011&from=cqsr

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112 Ghaderi R et al. Effect of breast-feeding on the development of atopic dermatitis. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005; 4(3):129–32. PubMed ID: 17301435. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=17301435&from=cqsr

113 Ford G. New contented little baby book. London: Vermilion; 2002. http://www.amazon.co.uk/New-Contented-Little-Baby-Book/dp/0091882338

114 Cadwell K et al. Pain reduction and treatment of sore nipples in nursing mothers. J Perinat Educ 2004; 13(1):29–35. PubMed ID: 17273373. http://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/abstract.cgi?id=17273373&from=cqsr

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